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Description: The cement industry has been actively involved in finding ways to use waste products in the manufacturing of cement, both as secondary fuel and raw material. Discussions of fly ash in concrete or in blended cements are plentiful. This 10-page annotated bibliography, however, focuses on the use of fly ash as a secondary raw material in the cement manufacturing process, an application which has gained increasing importance. Environmentally, it provides a sound method for recycling non-hazardous waste and conserving natural resources. Economically, its use can reduce raw-mix and energy costs, increasing revenues. In terms of the cement itself, benefits can include a decrease in alkali content and improved burnability, resulting in energy savings and cements with better hydraulic properties. The Bibliography, which includes reports, papers from national and international technical journals, proceedings, and patents, will be of particular interest to cement plant and environmental specialists.
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