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Reinforced Concrete
Concrete is reinforced to give it extra strength; without reinforcement,
many concrete buildings wouldn’t be possible. Reinforced concrete
can encompass many types of structures and components, including
slabs, walls, beams, columns, mats, frames and more. There are multiple
ways of reinforcing concrete; the two main methods are conventional
reinforcement (nonprestressed) and prestressing.
Reinforced concrete is two materials merged together; plain concrete,
which is characterized by having high compressive strength but low
tensile strength, and steel bars embedded in concrete to provide
the needed strength in tension.
In prestressed members, compressive stresses are introduced into
the concrete to reduce tensile stresses resulting from applied loads
including the self weight of the member (dead load). Prestressing
steel, such as strands, bars or wires, is used to impart compressive
stresses to the concrete. Pre-tensioning is a method of prestressing
in which the tendons are tensioned before concrete is placed and
the prestressing force is primarily transferred to the concrete
through bond. Post-tensioning is a method of prestressing in which
the tendons are tensioned after the concrete has hardened and the
prestressing force is primarily transferred to the concrete through
the end anchorages.
Much of the focus on reinforcing concrete is placed on floor systems.
Designing and implementing the most efficient floor system is key
to creating optimal structures. Small changes in the design of a
floor system can have significant impact on material costs, construction
schedule, ultimate strength, operating costs, occupancy levels and
end use of a building.
Industry Resources
The Concrete Reinforcing
Steel Institute (CRSI) offers many resources for engineers,
architects, contractors—almost anyone who works with reinforced
concrete. The CRSI Manual
of Standard Practice
offers standards for estimates, detailing, fabrication and placement
of reinforcing steel, and their
Design Handbook (based on ACI 318-98 Building Code
Requirements for Structural Concrete) is a valuable reference.
The Precast/Prestressed
Concrete Institute (PCI) and the Post-Tensioning
Institute (PTI) both also offer resources for work with reinforced
concrete.
Software Options
The resources here will get you started; for more detailed instruction
and assistance, try pcaStructurePoint,
our complete software system for designing concrete slabs, mats,
walls, beams, columns, frames and more.
| Design Aids—Reinforced Concrete |
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Simplified
Design: Reinforced Concrete Buildings of Moderate Size and Height
Revised and updated to ACI 318-02, this book incorporates loading
calculations and seismic design provisions in accordance with IBC
2003 and ASCE 7-02. Timesaving analysis, design, and detailing methods
are presented for reinforced concrete buildings. |
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Long-Span
Concrete Floor Systems
Get the latest information on two increasingly popular long-span concrete
floor systems: banded-beam and wide-module joist. Includes preliminary
estimates and parameters of materials quantities for various span
and loading conditions. Relative cost charts assist in making economical
selections. |
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Concrete
Floor Systems—Guide to Estimating and Economizing
Presents different cast-in-place concrete framing systems, including
information on material quantities and relative costs. Includes the
latest information on the four most popular reinforced floor systems:
flat plate, flat slab, one-way joist, and two-way joist. |
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Concrete
Structural Floor Systems and More...
This CD provides an authoritative overview of concrete flooring
systems that exposes the concerns and considerations design professionals
use in choosing a concrete flooring system. The multi-media format
helps architects, engineers, and educators capitalize on the benefits
of each type of flooring system.
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Time-Saving
Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete
The design aids address four primary structural elements: beams; slabs;
walls; and columns. Structural engineers will find this document a
valuable tool for design, education and training. |
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Design
of Reinforced Concrete Buildings for Earthquake Forces
This guide is based on the provisions of ACI 318-99 and the IBC 2000
and include 3 guidelines on special moment frames, intermediate moment
frames and structural walls.
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Seismic
Detailing of Concrete Buildings
Learn the detailing requirements for concrete buildings in areas
of moderate and high seismic risk according to
ACI 318-99.
Click here for tech note.
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PCA
Notes on ACI 318-05 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
with Design Applications
Floor Openings
in Two-Way Slabs article.
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PCA
Notes on ACI 318-02 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
with Design Applications
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Concrete
Floors on Ground
This easy-to-understand publication serves as design guide, construction
manual, and authoritative reference.
Click here for a tech note on
Soil Sub-Grade Modulus.
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An
Engineer's Guide to: Economical Concrete Floor Systems
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An
Engineer's Guide to: Building Green with Concrete
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An
Engineering Guide to: Concrete Buildings and Progressive Collapse
Resistance
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Structural
Integrity Requirements for Concrete Buildings
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Openings
in Concrete Floor Slabs
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Professional
Development Series
Reinforced Concrete Floor Systems
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Professional
Development Series
Post-Tensioning for Two-Way Slabs
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Professional
Development Series
Structural Integrity Requirements
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Professional
Development Series
Engineering Mass Concrete Structures
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Professional
Development Series
Torsion Design of Structural Concrete Based on ACI 318-05
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Professional
Development Series
Strut-and-Tie
Model for Structural Concrete Design
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| Design Aids—Solved
Examples |
| Design
Example—Column—ACI
318-99 |
| Design
Example—Column—ACI
318-05 |
| Design
Example—Wall—ACI 318-99 |
| Design
Example—Wall—ACI 318-05 |
| Design
Example—Beam and One-way Slab—ACI 318-99 |
| Design
Example—Beams and One-way Slab—ACI 318-05 |
| Design
Example—Two-Way Slab—ACI 318-99 |
| Design
Example—Two-Way Slab—ACI 318-05 |
| Design
Example—Two-Way Slab Post-Tensioned—ACI 318-05 |
| Design
Example—Torsion Design—ACI 318-05 |
| Design
Example—Moment Redistribution—ACI 318-05 |
Back to top |
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Design Resources:
Codes and Standards
Concrete Tanks
Emerging Trends
ICF Buildings
Masonry Buildings
Mass Concrete
Novice Engineers Series
Post-Tensioned Concrete
Precast/Prestressed Concrete
Reinforced Concrete
Shotcrete
Sustainable Design
Tilt-Up Concrete
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