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Clinker Microstructure and Grindability: Updated Literature Review
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Item Code: SN2967
Date of Publication: 2007
Price: $0.00
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Much of the available literature on the relationship between clinker microstructure and grindability agree that the primary influential factors are alite and belite crystal size and content. Specifically, smaller crystals and more alite (less belite) result in easier to grind clinker. Numerous equations are found in literature to predict clinker grindability based on its microstructure, and although the equations vary somewhat, the relationship to alite and belite content and size previously described are consistent.
On a related topic, some literature was found on clinker microstructure and grindability with the focus on the influence of trace elements, this topic arising likely due to the increased use of alternate raw materials and fuels.
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Formation and Techniques for Control of Sulfur Dioxide and Other Sulfur Compounds in Portland Cement Kiln Systems
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Item Code: SN2460
Date of Publication: 2001
Price: $0.00
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This report presents the chemical and physical factors governing the generation of sulfur dioxide (SO2), its transformation into other sulfur compounds, and the removal of sulfur oxides within the cement kiln system. Sulfur in cement kilns is derived from both kiln feed and from the kiln fuel. The form of the sulfur dictates the location in the kiln where the SO2 generation takes place. Sulfur in the fuel is oxidized in the burning zone or calciner, and is easily removed by reactive lime present in the kiln. Kiln feed sulfur may be in the form of elemental sulfur, organic sulfur compounds, sulfides (either simple sulfides or polysulfides, such as pyrites), or sulfates. When present in the form of sulfate, it usually does not form SO2 but rather leaves the kiln system with the clinker. When present in any of the other forms, it may be oxidized to SO2 removal in rotary kilns, inherent SO2. Several control techniques were evaluated including: inherent SO2 removal in rotary kilns, inherent SO2 removal by in-line raw mills, process alterations, dry reagent injection, hot meal injection, spray dryer absorber, and wet SO2 scrubber.
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Performance of Architectural Concrete Panels in the PCA Outdoor Display
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Item Code: RD133
Date of Publication: 2005
Price: $30.00
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The information presented here makes an excellent case for the use of concrete for exterior walls: they are aesthetically pleasing, remain durable even after decades of exposure in an often harsh North American climate, and they require very little maintenance. Loaded with color photos and detailed descriptions of mix designs and construction techniques. Architects, contractors, and building owners, among others, will find this information useful when designing, building, or choosing the type of construction for new properties.
This report looks at architectural concrete for buildings: it speaks about the past with a detailed description of the construction of the PCA Display; it speaks about the present by assessing the panels’ performance after long term exposure and current innovations that are changing the industry; and it looks toward the future through design practices and environmental concerns that will undoubtedly shape the industry for many years to come.
The individual images used in this publication are available for purchase. To order, go to Image Library in the Bookstore.
This report is also found on DVD021.
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Thickness Design Systems for Pavements Containing Soil-Cement Bases
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Item Code: SN2863
Date of Publication: 2008
Price: $0.00
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With the proposed move to a national Mechanistic Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) the Portland Cement Association (PCA) initiated this study to review the proposed models for Soil-Cement (S-C) base and Cement Modified Soils (CMS). To provide a smooth transition to the new design procedures researchers evaluated the laboratory procedures needed to provide the input material properties for resilient modulus (Mr) and modulus of rupture (Mrup). In addition, software tools were developed to introduce the concepts of mechanistic design to pavement designers.
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