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Bibliographies
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PCA Library Bibliographies
The Library produces a series of bibliographies on topics of current
interest to PCA Members and the industry at large. Some are more
practical in scope, such as The Effect of Jarring and Shock
Vibrations on Fresh Concrete, and are of special interest to
contractors and other practitioners. Others are more technical and
research-oriented; these can provide a starting point for additional
research on a topic by documenting exisiting published research.
The publications listed include books, reports, journal articles,
conference papers, and web documents, and are not limited to material
actually in the PCA Library’s collection. They have been identified
from a variety of database and other resources.
LB01:
Delayed Ettringite Formation: Bibliography of Materials in the
PCA Library Delayed ettringite formation (DEF)
as a cause of concrete deterioration has been a major concern and
source of controversy for the last 15 years or so. Here is an up-to-date
bibliography of over 300 books, reports, and journal articles on
the topic that will serve as a foundation for further research on
the topic. All items are available for review in the PCA Library’s
collection.
LB02: Stucco:
Bibliography of Resources
Stucco and plaster are among the most frequently asked-about topics
today. The aesthetic versatility and personality they lend to structures
make their application very popular. This 2-part bibliography compiles
the practical and technical information available on the topic.
The first part contains references to some 60 books, standards,
and articles that will help you build a foundation of knowledge.
The second part contains up-to-date lists of both stucco finish
coat producer/suppliers and producers/ suppliers of metal lath and
accessories.
LB03: Wash Water
and Runoff: Recycling and Management: a Bibliography
The disposal of leftover wash water from ready-mix concrete trucks
has generated some concern from an environmental standpoint. Questions
have been raised about the effects of this waste water on groundwater.
This annotated bibliography lists articles and reports, both research
and practical, that have been written on the subject to provide
a basic understanding of the issues. Most of them address techniques
for recycling. The list of sources is followed by a number of annotated
patent references.
LB05: Deicers:
Bibliography of Resources
This 6-page bibliography focuses on the effects of deicers on concrete,
and, in particular, the scaling resistance of concrete. It lists
over 80 publications, both research-oriented and practical, including
journal articles, proceedings, government reports, and PCA literature.
LB06: Self-Compacting
Concrete: Bibliography of Resources
This continuously-updated bibliography is the most comprehensive
listing of resources on Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) available
anywhere. Included are technical reports, journal articles, conference
presentations, and links to web documents. A section on “Standards
and Guidelines: Established and Under Development” lists standards
activities worldwide related to SCC, with links to documents and
specific contact information. This publication provides an excellent
foundation for researchers and interested others.
LB08: Recycled
Concrete: Bibliography of Resources
One of the strongest environmental benefits of concrete is its recyclability.
Recycled concrete has been used fairly commonly in pavement applications
such as subgrade, but its use in other applications, including as
material in the production of new concrete, has received increasing
attention in recent years. This 13-page bibliography of published
articles, proceedings, and reports reflects the significant research
undertaken in recent years in both the U.S. and Europe, and provides
a background for additional study.
LB09: Fly Ash
as Raw Material in Cement Manufacture: A Selected Bibliography
The cement industry has been actively involved in finding ways to
use waste products in the manufacturing of cement, both as secondary
fuel and raw material. Discussions of fly ash in concrete or in
blended cements are plentiful. This 10-page annotated bibliography,
however, focuses on the use of fly ash as a secondary raw material
in the cement manufacturing process, an application which has gained
increasing importance. Environmentally, it provides a sound method
for recycling non-hazardous waste and conserving natural resources.
Economically, its use can reduce raw-mix and energy costs, increasing
revenues. In terms of the cement itself, benefits can include a
decrease in alkali content and improved burnability, resulting in
energy savings and cements with better hydraulic properties. The
Bibliography, which includes reports, papers from national and international
technical journals, proceedings, and patents, will be of particular
interest to cement plant and environmental specialists.
LB10: Effect of
Jarring and Shock Vibrations on Fresh Concrete
How is fresh concrete affected by nearby traffic vibrations or demolition
work? These “accidental,” external vibrations, are usually
referred to in the literature as “jarring” or “shock
vibrations.” This is an old issue, but one that is raised
on a regular basis. The bibliography contains references to articles
from journals such as Concrete Construction and Civil
Engineering, reports from the Transportation Research Board,
and other material. While much of the material is older, the data
and conclusions remain valid today.
LB11: Cement Kiln
Dust: Selected References on Use and Applications
Cement kiln dust (CKD), a by-product of the cement production process,
has extensive application potential. This Bibliography highlights
various established uses such as subbase and soil stabilization,
waste treatments, mine backfilling, agricultural fertilizer, use
in blended cements, and reuse in cement manufacture. The citations
represent reports, journal articles, and conference proceedings.
The bibliography serves as a foundation for those investigating
possible uses for this waste material.
LB12: Use of Waste
Tires in Cement Manufacture
Waste or scrap tires have posed a significant waste management
challenge in recent decades. Landfilling and stockpiling have serious
negative environmental impacts. The use of waste tires as an alternative
fuel in cement manufacturing has proven to be a successful technology,
both in reducing landfilling and by providing an extremely efficient
energy source for cement plants. The nearly 200 references in this
Bibliography underscore the widespread interest in and success of
this technology. Citations represent research, industry surveys,
and case studies as found in searches of the PCA Library collection
as well as many electronic sources including EiCompendex, Chemical
Abstracts, U.S. Department of Energy, and Rubber & Plastics
Research Abstracts. Included are reports, patents, journal articles,
and conference papers, with an emphasis on the most recent 10 years.
LB13: Use of Waste
Glass in Concrete: Bibliography of Publications
One of the major environmental benefits of concrete is
its ability to incorporate waste materials that would otherwise
be landfilled. Glass is one such material. Research performed in
recent years, especially in the U.K., indicate that there is a wide
variety of successful applications for waste glass as aggregate
in concrete. New research has provided solutions to problems such
as alkali-silica reactivity. This 8-page Bibliography lists journal
articles, conference papers, dissertations, reports, and standards,
and will provide a foundation for those who wish to undertake further
research or are simply interested in the topic.
LB14: Bugholes
in Concrete Surfaces: Annotated Bibliography
Bugholes, pinholes, blowholes, surface voids—they’re
called by various names, but all refer to a common problem that
contractors want to avoid. Bugholes, as they’re usually referred
to in the U.S., are small regular or irregular cavities, usually
not exceeding 5/8 in. (16 mm), resulting from entrapment of air
bubbles in the surface of formed concrete during placement and consolidation.
This 4-page bibliography lists and abstracts some helpful articles,
Web sites, official guidelines, and reports that explain bugholes
and recommend solutions.
LB15: Ternary
Mixtures: Bibliography of Selected Publications
Ternary mixtures are those containing two supplementary
cementing materials such as fly ash and silica fume, in addition
to portland cement. Use of ternary mixtures has been on the upswing
since the 1990’s due to beneficial properties such as durability
and resistance to sulfate attack, as well as their use of waste
materials and energy savings. This bibliography provides summaries
of over 30 papers on ternary mixtures, and a list of relevant standards.
LB16: Pet Coke
as Fuel in Cement Production: A Bibliography
Petroleum coke, or pet coke, has been a troublesome waste
product since the earliest days of oil refining. In recent years,
the cement industry has successfully used this waste material as
fuel replacement for coal, and in doing so has provided an environmental
benefit as well as reduced energy costs for cement production. This
10-page annotated bibliography includes journal articles, conference
papers, reports, and patents, highlighting research and case studies
that have been undertaken in the last decade on this increasingly
common and successful application.
LB17: Use of Waste
Oils as Fuel in Cement Manufacture: An Annotated Bibliography
Waste oils are one of the many types of alternative fuels being
used successfully in cement manufacture. Their use helps to preserve
coal resources, while also recycling a byproduct that would otherwise
by landfilled. These waste oils include lubricating oils, cooking
oils, and refinery wastes. The following annotated bibliography
will provide a foundation to those who wish to explore this topic.
It summarizes reports, journal articles, patents, and conference
papers, identified through searches of the Library’s collection
as well as online databases.
LB18: Slag as Raw
Material in Cement Manufacture
This annotated bibliography includes published material
on the use of slag, a byproduct of the steel-making process, as
a raw material in the production of cement. Benefits of this application
include lower energy expenditure, reduced emissions, and, of course,
the significant environmental benefit achieved by the recycling
of waste. Listed are reports, papers, and patents from a variety
of international sources, as found in PCA Library collection or
through online database searches.
LB19: Efflorescence
in Concrete
Efflorescence is a deposit of white salts left on a surface when
a solution containing the salts leaches from concrete or masonry
and then evaporates. The references in this PCA Library Bibliography
address the formation, prevention, and removal of efflorescence,
and include journal articles, conference papers, and reports gathered
from searches of the Library’s collection and various online
databases. Summaries are provided where the items were available.
LB21: Cement: Resources
for a Basic Collection
This bibliography contains a list of materials for a basic collection
on portland cement, covering cement technology, chemistry, manufacturing,
and general reference. Publications are from both PCA and other
publishers. Conference proceedings, one of the most important resources,
are included only if they are likely to be available in the U.S.
Titles in boldface type are available for ordering through PCA’s
Bookstore or through PCA Customer
Service, 800.868.6733.
LB22: Concrete:
Resources for a Basic Collection
A list of essential titles for a core library on the materials
aspects of concrete. The titles, briefly annotated, include both
PCA publications and books from other publishers. All the publications
are available for purchase through PCA’s online Bookstore.
LB23: Supersulfated
Cements: Bibliography of Materials
This bibliography lists articles, papers, and patents (with summaries)
on supersulfated cements (SSC), a type of specialty cement that
has received renewed attention. Invented in the early 1900’s
and used extensively in Europe for concretes exposed to chemical
attack, such as sea water and sulfate bearing ground waters, SSC
contain a high percentage (85%) of blast furnace slag, 10-15% gypsum
or anhydrite, and 1-5% portland cement. Due to deterioration of
the available slag quality, supersulfated cements faded out in the
1970’s, but have found renewed interest and official acceptance
by the European standards community.
LB24: Ring Formation
in Cement Kilns
Ring formation in cement kilns can be a troubling problem for many
cement plants, resulting in stoppages or other operational disturbances.
This annotated bibliography lists citations and abstracts for research
publications that address the various causes of ring formation and
solutions for minimizing or eliminating them. Sources have been
identified from the PCA Library’s collection as well as external
online technical databases.
LB25: Lithium
and ASR: Selected References
The use of lithium compounds to reduce expansion of concrete caused
by alkali-silica reaction (ASR) has been well documented. However,
there has been additional research in recent years to better understand
the mechanism by which lithium inhibits expansion, the variables
involved, and to more accurately determine how its use relates to
other concrete properties. While lithium is most commonly added
to the fresh concrete as an admixture, it has also been applied
successfully to hardened concrete, and added to the raw material
or interground with the cement at the cement plant. This 15-page
annotated bibliography lists papers, reports, and patents related
to these applications, beginning with the Strategic Highway Research
Program activity in the early 1990s
LB26: Rietveld
Method of Clinker Analysis: Selected Bibliography
The Rietveld method of clinker analysis has proven to be effective
for rapid and accurate quantitative determination of the phase content
of portland cement clinker. Developed by a Dutch crystallographer,
H. M. Rietveld, in the late 1960s, the method quantifies clinker
minerals rather than calculating them from chemical analysis. In
particular, the method has shown advantages over the Bogue calculation,
and yields unique crystallographic information. With the increasing
use of secondary fuels by cement plants, and resulting change in
cement properties, the Rietveld method is particularly advantageous
due to the quick results it gives and thus the ability to adjust
burning conditions. The references below include journal articles
and conference papers, identified through online database searches
and the PCA Library collection.
LB27: Ultra High
Performance Concrete: Annotated Bibliography
This annotated bibliography contains 150 citations to journal
articles, conference papers, and reports on Ultra High Performance
Concrete (UHPC), described by some as “the next generation
of concrete.” UHPC, already tested fairly widely in Europe,
Asia, and Australia, is quickly gaining attention in the U.S. With
its exceptionally high durability, compressive strength, minimal
long-term creep or shrinkage, resistance to freeze-thaw, and economic
benefits, it is regarded as well suited for use in highway bridges,
high-rise buildings, and other structures that call for thinner,
lighter properties with high strength.
LB29: Use of Waste
Plastics as Fuel in Cement Production
The use of waste materials such as tires, pet coke, and plastics
as secondary fuel in cement manufacture has demonstrated clear environmental
benefits: the utilization of waste material that would otherwise
be landfilled; the associated preservation of coal resources, and
reductions in both energy consumption and emissions. Waste plastics
include post-consumer plastic wastes among other types; these have
reached some 200 million tons worldwide and present a serious environmental
challenge. Japan and Europe have recycled plastics as cement fuel
with success for the past 20 years, and more recently the process
has been of increasing interest in the U.S.
This annotated bibliography contains references to journal articles,
conference papers, reports, and patents that focus on the technologies
involved in utilization of waste plastics. It is intended to help
in developing a basic understanding of the technical issues, and
to provide a foundation for those interested in further research.
The literature on waste fuels generally is extensive; some of these
resources may include brief discussions of plastics but are not
included here.
LB30: The Pyramid
Controversy: an Annotated Bibliography
Were the Egyptian Pyramids constructed of carved limestone
blocks from nearby quarries, or from cast-in-place concrete? A decades-old
controversy was reignited recently with publication of a new article
in the December 2006 issue of the Journal of the American Ceramic
Society. In it, material scientists claim new chemical evidence
of concrete in the higher levels of the pyramids. Opponents, including
Egyptologists, continue to dispute the evidence, and point out that
the diverse shapes of the stones show that molds were not used.
The sources listed here—articles, conference papers, books,
and web sites—represent authors on each side of the argument.
Abstracts are included where available.
LB31: Albert Litvin,
1917-2007: Bibliography
An annotated list of the writings of Albert J. Litvin,
1917-2007, engineer with Construction Technology Laboratories, Inc.
from 1961-1986. Litvin supervised and conducted important research
in shotcrete placement, structural lightweight concrete, architectural
concrete methods, heat transfer development, and masonry construction.
The list includes conference papers, research reports, and journal
articles from 1945-2004.
LB32: Photocatalytic
(Self-Cleaning) Concrete: Bibliography of Selected Publications
In the early 1990s, scientists at the Italcementi Group in
Bergamo, Italy, produced a self-cleaning concrete that keeps buildings
from tarnishing from pollutants in the atmosphere. In the years
following, as sustainability and environmental issues have become
a focal point in the building industries, photocatalytic concrete
has received increased attention, as shown in the included references.
The publications include journal articles, reports, conference papers,
and patents, identified through searches of online scientific databases
as well as the Library’s collection.
LB33: T. C. Powers,
1900-1997: Bibliography
Treval Clifford (T. C.) Powers served on the Research Department
of the Portland Cement Association for 35 years until his retirement
in 1965. He was a prolific researcher and writer, and regarded as
one of the foremost authorities on the structure and properties
of portland cement pastes and concrete. The 200 references in this
annotated bibliography are listed chronologically, and include Powers’
journal and proceedings papers, reports, chapters in books, published
discussions on others’ research, and unpublished writings.
LB34: Concrete
for Artificial Reefs: A Selected Bibliography
The recycling and reuse of waste concrete is one of the most important
aspects of its environmental superiority. One of the less-commonly
mentioned but highly innovative and successful uses of waste concrete
is the construction of artificial reefs. Surprisingly, this application
developed more than 40 years ago. As natural coral reefs have slowly
disintegrated due to pollution, shipping activities, and natural
disasters, the artificial concrete reefs are able to provide effective
and environmentally friendly habitats for fish and fauna. This bibliography
cites a number of studies demonstrating the successful use of concrete
for artificial reefs.
LB36: Oxygen Enrichment
in Cement Kilns: Selected References
Oxygen enrichment—the addition of oxygen to the combustion
process—has been used in U.S. cement kilns since the early
1960’s, when results of a test program at a cement plant in
California justified claims that oxygen enrichment could substantially
increase production while reducing fuel consumption. While these
benefits have not been universal, the technology has been shown
overall to improve burning of waste fuels, increase clinker production,
and enhance emissions control. It is now used widely in the cement
industry. The annotated references in this bibliography have been
identified through searches of the PCA Library’s printed collection
and online databases.
LB37: Bibliography
on Application of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials in Concrete
The potential of nanotechnology for the fields of medicine, environmental
protection, chemicals, and construction has been recognized. NSF’s
National Nanotechnology Initiative is just one demonstration of
interest at the national level. For construction industries, especially
concrete and portland cement, experts suggest that nanotechnology,
with its “engineering of complex structures of cement-based
materials, will result in a new generation of concrete, stronger
and more durable, with desired stress-strain behavior and possibly
with the whole range of newly introduced ‘smart’ properties.”
This comprehensive annotated bibliography, compiled by leading scientists
in the field, presents the state of the art in this technology for
concrete, and will be of major importance to anyone interested in
this developing field.
LB38: Reflectivity
of Concrete Pavements: An Annotated Bibliography
The reflectivity, or reflectance, of concrete pavements is one of
its many important benefits, providing increased safety on our roads
and energy reduction due to its lower lighting requirements. This
bibliography is a compilation of references to research studies,
industry journal articles, and conference papers on this timely
and critical topic. Summaries are included, as well as Web links
to the full-text documents.
LB39: Leachability
of Concrete Containing Fly Ash
Fly ash from coal-burning power plants has been used extensively
as a pozzolan and fine filler in concrete for many years. The recent
focus on environmental issues has led to questions involving the
safety implications of this practice, specifically, whether metals
in the fly ash can leach out of the concrete and cause potential
pollution to soils and waterways. A literature search was conducted
to identify research literature that addresses leachability characteristics.
Online resources included Compendex, Scopus, ACI Abstracts, and
other databases, as well as various PCA Library resources. This
14-page annotated bibliography lists journal articles, conference
papers, reports, and other publications.
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