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Img10107
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Item Code: 1922
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Here is an example of in-situ S/S treatment. Portland cement was used to solidify this oil sludge lagoon. The drill rig shown here is being supported on solidified sludge as it continues to process the material.
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Img10117
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Item Code: 1932
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Treated waste was reused as a base for pavement at the municipal landfill. The paved area will be used for composting operations.
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Img10118
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Item Code: 1933
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This Superfund site used larger ex-situ mixing equipment to treat a greater volume of metal-contaminated soil and debris.
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Img11010
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Item Code: 1943
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One test slab was covered with rock rubble and sand to determine the ability of these materials to attenuate the continuing radioactivity during the material’s natural decay...
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Img11013
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Item Code: 1946
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A mobile pugmill treatment unit was brought to the site. The soil was mixed with cement.
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Img11014
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Item Code: 1947
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Treated soil was placed in a landfill constructed at the site. The treated soil can be seen on the left side of the photograph.
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Img11008
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Item Code: 1941
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The earliest uses of S/S was in the treatment of radioactive waste. S/S continues to be used for this type of waste. This is a photograph of the Shattuck Chemical Superfund site in Denver. The structures, debris and soil at the site were contaminated with radioactive material. EPA’s remedy for the site included S/S of all the debris and soil into slabs below grade at the site.
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Img11009
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Item Code: 1942
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Here is a test slab constructed inside one of the contaminated buildings used to help determine the mix design. Notice the markers on the walls that identify locations of radioactivity survey that was conducted on the structure.
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Img10113
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Item Code: 1928
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The contaminated material included soil, battery casings, lead plates and led slag. This material was collected and staged on site. Screening and crushing equipment was used to reduce oversized material to less than 1-1/4-in.
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Img11004
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Item Code: 1937
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The mixing head is drawn through the sediment. Cement was added until a peanut butter consistency was achieved (about 10% volume addition).
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Img11002
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Item Code: 1935
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S/S treatment has been used at the New York Harbor system to turn dredged harbor sediments into an engineered fill. The engineered fill was used to rehabilitate a “brownfield” property. First dredged harbor sediment was brought to a pier for processing.
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Img11001
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Item Code: 1934
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For this project the S/S treatment resulted in monolithic blocks. These blocks were placed in a on-site landfill.
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Img10108
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Item Code: 1923
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This is another view of the same piece of equipment. The hood is lowered over the area to be mixed. Next, cement is placed on the surface of the sludge. The auger mixes the cement with the sludge as it advances down through the sludge. The auger is raised and lowered several times to assure adequate mixing. Other similar drilling type equipment include jets on the auger flights that distribute a portland cement slurry into the soil or sludge as the drill is advanced.
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Img10112
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Item Code: 1927
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S/S treatment can be conducted on excavated material. The following slides describe ex-situ treatment of lead contaminated soils. These slides were taken at the 90th South Battery Site near Salt Lake City. Lead contaminated soils and debris was discovered during the widening of a highway. EPA used cement-based S/S during an emergency response to treat these wastes.
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Img10114
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Item Code: 1929
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The material was then run through this mobile treatment system. From right to left---Soil and debris is placed into a hopper using a loader. The contaminated material is conveyed by a weigh belt past a vertical silo that places a measured amount of a portland cement/cement kiln dust blend onto the belt. The material drops into a pugmill that thoroughly mixes the contaminated material, reagents with 10% added water. The treated material is discharged into a pile on the left.
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Img10109
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Item Code: 1924
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Here is the site after treatment is completed. The treated waste will be fitted with an engineered cover.
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Img10116
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Item Code: 1931
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The treated material was granular. TCLP testing was conducted on this material as soon as possible. These test indicated that no curing was necessary for this project.
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Img8067
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Item Code: 1693
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Shotcrete was then applied over the soil-cement to serve as a durable, wear-resistant surface.
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Img8072
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Item Code: 1697
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The principal application of CLSM is as a trench backfill for buried conduits in lieu of compacted granular backfill. CLSM is a highly fluid material that typically develops strengths of only 50 to 100 psi, although it can be designed for higher strengths.
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