Alkali-Aggregate Reaction
Publications
AASHTO PP65, Standard Practice for Determining the Reactivity of Concrete Aggregates and Selecting Appropriate Measures for Preventing Deleterious Expansion in New Concrete Construction, 2011, 24 pages.
Farny, J. A., and Kerkhoff, B., Diagnosis and Control of Alkali-Aggregate Reactions in Concrete, IS413, 2007, 25 pages.
Evaluation of Alkali Silica Reactivity (ASR) Mortar Bar Testing (ASTM C1260 and C1567) at 14 days and 28 days, PCA IS549, 2009, 4 pages.
Detwiler, R. J., The Role of Fly Ash Composition in Reducing Alkali-Silica Reaction, SN2092, SN2092, 35 pages.
S.H. Kosmatka, B. Kerkhoff, and W.C. Panarese, Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures, 15th Edition, EB001.15, (2011)
Research Reports
Detwiler, R. J., Substitution of Fly Ash for Cement or Aggregate in Concrete: Strength Development and Suppression of ASR, RD127, 2002, 28 pages.
Kerkhoff, Beatrix, Effects of Substances on Concrete and Guide to Protective Treatment, IS001, (2001), 36 pages
Stark, D., Lithium Salt Admixtures: An Alternative Method to Prevent Expansive Alkali-Silica Reactivity, RP307, 10 pages, 1992.
Landgren, R., and Hadley, D. W., Surface Popouts Caused by Alkali-Aggregate Reactions, RD121, 2002, 20 pages.
Stark, D., The Use of Recycled-Concrete Aggregate from Concrete Exhibiting Alkali-Silica Reactvity, RD114, 1996, 19 pages.
Additional Resources
Detwiler, R. J., and Taylor, P. C., Specifier’s Guide to Durable Concrete, EB221, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Illinois, USA, 2005, 68 pages.
Farny, J.A., and Kerkhoff, B., Diagnosis and Control of Alkali-Aggregate Reactions in Concrete, IS413, Portland Cement Association, 2007, 25 pages.
Kerkhoff, Beatrix, Effects of Substances on Concrete and Guide to Protective Treatments, IS001, Portland Cement Association, 2001, 36 pages.
Sutter, L. L.; Peterson, K. R.; Van Dam, T. J.; Smith, K. D. and Wade, M. J.; Guidelines for Detection, Analysis, and Treatment of Materials-Related Distress (MRD) In Concrete Pavements.
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Guidelines for Detection, Analysis, and Treatment of MRD in Concrete Pavements Vol I – Final Report, FHWA-RD-01-163, March 2002.
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Guidelines for Detection, Analysis, and Treatment of MRD in Concrete Pavements Vol II – Guidelines Description and Use, FHWA-RD-01-164, March 2002.
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Guidelines for Detection, Analysis, and Treatment of MRD in Concrete Pavements Vol III – Case Studies, FHWA-RD-01-165, March 2002.
Sustainability
Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures, 15th Edition, EB001.15, (2011), S.H. Kosmatka, B. Kerkhoff, and W.C. Panarese
Definitive reference on concrete technology covers fundamentals and detailed information on freshly mixed and hardened concrete. Extensively updated and expanded, this edition discusses materials for concrete, such as portland cements, supplementary cementing materials, aggregates, admixtures and fibers; air entrainment; procedures for mix proportioning, batching, mixing, transporting, handling, placing, consolidating, finishing, and curing concrete; precautions necessary during hot- and cold-weather concreting; causes and methods of controlling volume changes; commonly used control tests for quality concrete; special types of concrete, such as high-performance, lightweight, heavyweight, no-slump, roller-compacted, shotcrete, mass concrete and many more. Applicable ASTM International, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), and American Concrete Institute (ACI) standards are referred to extensively.
Effects of Substances on Concrete and Guide to Protective Treatments, IS001, (2001),36 pages
Improve concrete’s durability by knowing what chemicals attack it and what you can do to protect it. A comprehensive list of materials, a description of their effects on concrete, and recommended protective treatments are given. Also listed are dozens of products suitable for protecting concrete, including a list of coating manufacturers with addresses, phone numbers, and websites.
Specifiers Guide to Durable Concrete, EB221, (2005), 72 pages
This publication is an instruction guide and basic reference for those responsible for writing and implementing concrete specifications. This reference covers the basic concepts of concrete technology as it relates to durability, and is intended to be a companion and supplement to Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures. It provides sufficient information to allow the practitioner to select materials and mix design parameters to achieve durable concrete in a variety of environments. It also warns the user when expert help is recommended.
"Changes In Store", (May 2006), Concrete Producer magazine, 4 pages
Wal-Mart tested a range of green strategies at this prototype store in McKinney, Texas. Along with other green strategies, concrete was used as interior finish flooring, reducing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and maintenance. Pervious pavement was used in the parking area to improve ground water quality and quantity.
Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, (2006)
An industry resource website
"Concrete's Contribution to Sustainable Development", Ashley, Lemay, National Ready Mixed Concrete Association, The Journal of Green Building, Volume 3, Number 4, Fall 2008
This article addresses a broad range of considerations for concrete solutions in a sustainability context. These include materials specification, site and infrastructure applications, energy performance, resources optimization, durability and environmental footprint.
Green Streets Calculator
Concrete roads deflect less under loading, so trucks get better fuel mileage and require less fuel to construct than asphalt roads. With more attention than ever being focused on energy conservation, vehicle fuel efficiency, and new alternatives such as hybrid cars and bio-diesel, few people realize the significance of road-type on energy use.